Researchers say zinc may help improve ra symptoms by supporting the immune system and cartilage. For example, for people with a history of cancer, those taking prescription and over-the-counter medications, and those planning surgery should consult their doctors about taking mvms and other dietary supplements. Certain people are more likely to need a supplement. They explain that by just following a poor diet, one may have many adverse health consequences such as a higher risk for developing more diseases and deficiencies than by being inactive, smokers and alcoholics, altogether. Among these are the complete blood count (Cbc), which measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (Rbc), white blood cells (Wbc), and platelets. Study participants took 1 gram of spirulina supplements a day for 12 weeks, and gave fasting blood samples at the beginning and end of the study. Untreated celiac disease is associated with a number of long-term health effects. Good blood flow delivers oxygen and vital nutrients to cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body. Vitamin b12 helps your body perform essential functions, like producing red blood cells and maintaining the central nervous syst…
Consider switching to a vegan diet, even for just one day a week, to add abundant fiber and healthy carbs in your diet. You may also ask your doctor for a supplement. Salacia has been shown to help insure normal, healthy levels of this enzyme, especially when combined with a sensible diet and exercise program. Hyman is one of these, and in addition, as a leader in functional medicine, has a unique ability to see past the many adverse effects of a lifestyle at odds with health to the underlying causes both within and all around us. Magnesium fact sheet for health professionals. 30 Minutes of the blood sugar solution pbs workshop. Are there any prevention type supplements for prediabetics? Now, researchers suspect that it can be used to reduce high blood sugar levels, alleviate insulin resistance, and increase the propensity for the body to liquidate adipocytes for energy. Illness, stress, age, and the environment can compromise your ability to absorb nutrients, but the right supplement can help. As a majority of supplements are not tested in pregnant women, nursing mothers, or children, you should be extra cautious with supplements if you are pregnant, nursing, or are considering…
The mvm contained moderate amounts of various vitamins and minerals, including 22 mg zinc. Vitamin b12 helps your body make red blood cells and keeps the brain and nervous system healthy. Manufacturers determine the types and levels of vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients in their mvms. The only downside of this supplement is that the outer part is more like a plastic material which gets very sticky when wet. How biomedical research is co-opted by commercial entities that place profit over health. Essential and purportedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with vitamins and other minerals. However, it provides less than 100% of the rdi for several important nutrients, including thiamine, niacin, biotin, calcium, magnesium and vitamins a, e and k. Water-soluble vitamins (B and c) are not. Nutrients of special public health concern in american diets are calcium, potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin d in both adults and children, and also iron for young children, women capable of becoming pregnant, and women who are pregnant. At over-the-counter strength, niacin supplements have only been proven to be effective in helping …
Increasing potassium intake has been shown to reduce blood pressure levels, especially if combined with a reduction in sodium. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin d supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the vitamin d assessment study. Public health officials recommend blood levels above 20 ng/ml. People with high triglyceride levels might need 2 to 4 grams a day from multiple pills or possibly a prescription-strength fish-oil supplement. Preliminary research has suggested that cinnamon consumption could help reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Patients with kidney disease need to be cautious with magnesium, warns sherri rutherford, do, peacehealth southwest washington integrative medicine, and talk with their doctor. Pchromium has been used successfully to control blood cholesterol and glucose levels. These problems can lead to heart failure. This flavorful vegetable helps raise nitric oxide levels, which may help lower blood pressure by helping to open your arteries.
O can see your point of some supplements have side effects, there not 100% safe, but neither is bleach or tylenol even if it’s fda approved. Or a low vitamin d blood level could be a consequence of obesity; the vitamin is soluble in fat, so it can become sequestered inside adipose tissue. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure against your artery walls during a contraction of your heart (A heartbeat). If possible, search for organic fresh vegetables and herbs, frozen vegetables are a healthy alternative, but avoid canned vegetables as they often contain added sodium. For them, the national academy of medicine reports, vitamin d supplements prescribed by a doctor are beneficial. Improving public information about use of dietary supplements involves investments in professional training programs, further studies of population and nutrient needs, expanding the database information, enhancing collaborations between governments and universities, and translating dietary supplement research into useful information for consumers, health professionals, scientists, and policymakers. The researchers theorized that the supplements may cause quick spikes in blood calcium levels that have bee…
In jama cardiology, the researchers reported that supplementation made no difference. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure against your artery walls during a contraction of your heart (A heartbeat). Genetic tests promising to help you guide your diet and lifestyle are becoming widely available. Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements on anthropometric parameter and muscle strength in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. A fiber supplement of 11 grams per day was found to reduce blood pressure by a small amount in an analysis of clinical trials. In addition to lowering blood pressure almost overnight, apple cider vinegar has a myriad of fringe benefits. This meta-analysis supports the notion that dietary diversification may also play a role. We help you research health conditions and provide timely articles that assist in finding herbal remedies and natural herbal supplements that might be right for you.
Every supplement in the study contained a small amount of a thyroid hormone known as triiodothyronine (T3). One small study of a group of 13 adults showed gaba effective as a relaxant and anxiety reliever, with slowed brain waves seen within an hour of taking the supplement. Join tradies, corky and danny as they find out how to maintain a healthy weight. High blood pressure is diagnosed using two numerical measurements: Diastolic and systolic pressure. Our small study adds to a growing number which suggest that eating beetroot and garlic regularly may help reduce your blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure can damage your blood vessels and put you at a greater risk for stroke or heart attack. There is not enough research to know for sure if taking supplements with cv medicines helps improve conditions that increase the risk for cv disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or high triglyceride levels.
The studies discovered that white tea extract suppressed the growth of colon cancer cells and stopped them from spreading. Conversely, catechins that are found in white tea have been shown to fight these risk factors. A thriving community of healthy gut bacteria is an essential component of proper immune function because it fights harmful bacteria that can potentially make you sick. There is also some research done on chamomile that suggests it may help lower blood sugar levels and aid in digestion health. Many of the ingredients of the tea, such as papaya and myrrh, have gastric healing and antimicrobial properties. It will not whip you into perfect health on it’s own, though. Due to the popularity of tea, generally on a common trip to the grocery store, at least in us markets, one can find many types of tea preparations sold which are supplemented with various extracts of mango, strawberry, pomegranate, lemon, etc. Turkey tail has traditionally been used for cholesterol, liver health, and immune health. D, a health psychologist at private university witten/herdecke in germany. How to use it: Simmer fresh or dried mushrooms in teas or broths or add extracts to smoothies and oth…
A review of 16 trials found that dark chocolate can reduce high blood pressure because it contains flavanol, the antioxidant compound that raises your nitric oxide levels and widens blood vessels. You’ll be most successful if you keep a daily record of food portions and calories and follow-up with a dietitian regularly. Extract improves postprandial glucose and insulin response: A randomized double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Continue to drink water, as water is the best natural diuretic known to medicine and will aid in shortening the plateau, and continue to take at least a minimum of 2 nutritional supplements daily. A doctor or dietitian can provide advice and support for suitable weight loss programs. Keto-friendly diet plans deliver 40 to 50 grams of net carbs per day. Iron from plant-based foods is harder to absorb, so a vegan or vegetarian plan may not be a good option for dieters who are already at risk of anemia. Many of the ingredients in the supplement have been studied, and some show promise for people who are trying to lose weight.
That was certainly the case for low-fat diets, which health authorities have recommended for decades as a way to lower cholesterol and heart disease risk. Anh, however, interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically produced supplements, and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or consumed as part of the diet. Consequently, health advocates around the world recommend two to three servings of fatty fish a week. It is always best to speak to your healthcare provider for the best options for your unique health needs. My blood pressure was so low that i was denied donating blood several times when my mum had an accident. In most cases, high blood pressure is preventable and controllable. As a result of the lack of good data for supplementation and the strong data for dietary pattern, public health recommendations for healthy eating urge people to eat a plant-based diet of whole foods, minimizing processed food, salt and sugar and to get exercise daily, and to abandon western pattern diets and a sedentary lifestyle.
Still, if your fortified grain consumption is erratic, a b 12 supplement is reasonable. Nutrient intake from food only was calculated for people who did not use any multivitamins or other supplements included in the survey (38,374 Men and 31,341 women). Developing heart healthy habits early can help not only your heart but also your overall wellbeing. One of the freshest fish oils available, containing 350mg of dha per serve to support optimal overall health and vitality in a half sized soft gel. Get the latest news on health and wellness delivered to your inbox! The prevalence of supplement use varies with race or ethnicity and is generally found to be highest in non-hispanic whites (Hereafter simply whites). Found in grapes, berries, and peanuts, resveratrol made headlines a few years ago due to it’s heart-healthy properties. Notwithstanding the popularity and widespread use of dietary supplements, a number of shortcomings have been recorded against them. Ages are formed when glucose (Sugar) reacts with proteins in the walls of your blood vessels, including those blood vessels within the kidneys. Too much sodium (Salt) can cause high blood pressure and many other health condit…
Commitment to quality: Our blood sugar support supplement is manufactured in an fda registered facility that adheres to good manufacturing practices (Gmp). Ask your doctor how often to have blood pressure and cholesterol checks, and aim for a blood pressure level close to 120/80 mmhg and ldl (Bad) cholesterol level lower than 100 mg/dl. The health of your animal companion is as important to us, as it is to you. Support healthy blood sugars around the clock by helping your body’s natural insulin work better and keep those organs affected by diabetes healthy! Thanks to 30 years of studies suggesting it may help control blood sugar, chromium is popular among people with type 2 diabetes. Here are some of the ways to control your blood sugar levels naturally. That is the most important thing, whether your cat is administered a drug, blood sugar gold, or a combination of the two. Many studies suggest it helps lower blood sugar and improves diabetes control (1, 2). As mentioned earlier, this supplement uses only natural and organic ingredients without any use of chemicals, preservatives or any other potentially harmful compounds. For example, supplement users may be less overweight and…
Discussing the need for a calcium supplement with your doctor and determining if your calcium levels warrant a supplement. Among the supplements that showed no evidence of cardiovascular protection were vitamins a, b, c, d and e, as well as beta-carotene, calcium, iron, antioxidants and multivitamins. It is crucial to note that the fda do not regulate supplements, so people should only purchase reputable brands. Dietary supplements in europe poised for profound growth. Also, everyone responds to nutrients differently, especially based on factors such as underlying health conditions, age, and lifestyle habits. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and fish oil supplements, can help lower blood pressure, reduce triglycerides, decrease risk of arrhythmias, and slow the development of plaque in your arteries. The public has a legitimate desire for good health, and the supplement industry has a strong desire for good sales. Both men and women can safely take this supplement on a daily basis and get equal results. Essential and purportedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with vitamins and other minerals. A vitamin deficiency t…
And no longer do our animals graze on high-omega-3 grasses, but on grains instead. For a supplement taken on a daily basis this minute hazard may accumulate to a relatively more dangereous state over a perhaps -very- long period of time. Algal-oil capsules and cooked salmon: Nutritionally equivalent sources of docosahexaenoic acid. There is more than one possible mechanism for how they might help prevent heart disease, including reducing blood pressure or reducing cholesterol. However, supplementation with long-chain during pregnancy or early infancy appears to have no significant effect on children’s visual acuity, neurodevelopment, and physical growth. Our body can then take that short-chain omega-3 and elongate it into the long-chain omega-3s epa and dha found in fish fat. Both triglyceride and blood pressure effects will be more pronounced at twice your dosage or 8 pills a day. For more information about the fda/environmental protection agency advisory for pregnant women and parents of young children on eating fish, see their online brochure.
Reflective of this overall lack of evidence to support weight loss supplements, several medical bodies have warned clinicians and patients about the use of such products. Increased metabolic rate suppression of appetite fat burning increase in energy levels better brain function and focus fight fluid retention avo top weight loss pills they really work. Pgx is a valuable tool for helping to manage blood sugar levels and insulin sensitivity. The pgx daily supplements do not help in losing weight, but rather in managing a healthy weight. With 1 trillion supercomputers, the servers chip clusters are more than 100,000, and more than 15,000 network ports are available for connection gabrielle sidibe weight loss surgery the actual address of the server electronic space is not detected. Adderex-sr introduces a unique approach to nootropic (Cognitionenhancing) nutritional supplementation, which is the result of five years of research and development to acquire a command of nutraceutical neuroscience. In this program, 97% of weight loss subjects reported that pgx significantly reduced their appetite and eliminated food cravings, making it easy to reduce portion sizes and lose weight comf…
Vitamin b12 helps maintain red-blood and nerve cells, and assists in the production of neurotransmitters (Chemicals that relay signals between your brain and other parts of your body). Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults. This extra insulin and a high level of blood sugar can cause serious hormone and glucose imbalances in the body. Studies done earlier have shown that it can lead to modest loss of weight, however, more research may be needed. There is no information given about the profile of the people that were test subjects, they could well have been following the keto diet for a period of time and would therefor respond differently to people who have been eating a high carb diet. It is specially developed to not only assist you in losing weight but also help curb your cravings. Only a few clinical trials have examined the effects of green coffee bean on weight loss in humans, and all were of poor methodological quality. Seeing a sports nutritionist for help with a long-term nutrition plan can optimize health, increase energy and aid in preventing that frustrating feeling of hitting the wall as you strive for athletic ex…
But for people with pre-diabetes who are interested in using diet to manage their blood sugar, it’s one of many strategies worth considering, says diabetes educator emmy suhl of the joslin diabetes center in boston. Research has also showed that ala can possibly lower the levels of thyroid hormones, so if you are taking ala supplements, your doctor needs to closely monitor your thyroid hormone levels to avoid any complications. Diabetic neuropathy is damage to nerves caused by excess blood sugar, inflammation and blocked small blood vessels associated with diabetes. Talk to your doctor before adding a dietary supplement because some may interfere with certain diabetes medications, and some can increase the risk of kidney problems. ‘s gut, supporting his thyroid and improving his diet, all of his symptoms disappeared and he lost 20 pounds. Regardless of the type of diabetes, the individual needs to work with their doctor, learn as much as they can about their treatment options, and monitor their blood sugars to keep them within a healthy range. While there are tons of such products out there, it is always a good idea to opt for a natural supplement over others that comprise of ch…
Ask your doctor how often to have blood pressure and cholesterol checks, and aim for a blood pressure level close to 120/80 mmhg and ldl (Bad) cholesterol level lower than 100 mg/dl. These are good questions for anybody who wants to live healthier and avoid heart disease and stroke. American ginseng, a variety grown primarily in north america, has been shown to decrease post-meal blood sugar by about 20% in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. Bottom line: There is plenty of evidence to support the fact that vitamins can and are beneficial; but, only to those individuals who have documented nutritional deficiencies. Conducting research in a laboratory can often feel isolated so lisa prefers writing about scientific research in healthcare. For more information, including a complete listing of foods for each blood type, you can refer to my books diabetes: Fight it with the blood type diet, and the complete blood type encyclopedia. When we talk about vitamins for diabetes, the same principles with a little modification can be used to help those with hypoglycemia or low blood sugar as well. Research suggests boosting your omega-3 levels may also lower your blood press…
Small amounts are needed in order to support health. As a consequence, consistent evidence suggests that biochemical levels of this narrow band of three vitamins, and related levels of the amino-acid homocysteine, correlate positively and negatively with brain function, respectively. In this role, the b vitamins play key interacting roles in the majority of cellular functions. Just one of the many consequences of a deficiency in any of these b vitamins (See figure 2) is a potential hampering of the natural breakdown and recycling of homocysteine, leading to it’s accumulation and a number of potential, negative cellular consequences. While many bodybuilding supplements are also consumed by the general public the frequency of use will differ when used specifically by bodybuilders. Summary supplementing with tyrosine may help restore levels of neurotransmitters in your body, thereby helping improve mental cognition and energy levels. Labdoor rates gnc mega men as one of the top multivitamins because of the nutritional value and product purity. Symptoms of too much vitamin a can include drowsiness, irritability, severe headache, bone pain, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting. For th…
There is a better way right now, thanks to the breakthrough functional medicine approach to blood sugar disorders. The saddest thing about this condition is that type ii diabetes is almost always controllable and even preventable through diet, exercise, and most importantly, key targeted diabetes supplements. Spiking levels of blood sugar is a serious problem that can also lead further to a series of other health problems, diabetes being the most prominent one. For more information, including a complete listing of foods for each blood type, you can refer to my books diabetes: Fight it with the blood type diet, and the complete blood type encyclopedia. H, an associate professor of clinical medicine at the keck school of medicine at the university of southern california in los angeles and director of the usc gehr center for health systems science. Effects of probiotic supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. My new way of eating now seems automatic and i am happy to be on the path to a long and healthy life. A review of 16 trials found that dark chocolate can reduce high blood pressure be…
Each capsule contains high levels of corosolic acid, providing the absolute best blood sugar supplement on the market! All the components are exclusively selected for their unique properties in regulating blood sugar levels. There are over 15 ingredients in our blood sugar support capsules including cinnamon, vanadium, chromium, biotin and guggul. For this reason, it is extremely important that levels are monitored when giving this supplement. This led to the hypothesis that d deficiency might be causing these diseases – which offered the tantalizing hope that giving people vitamin d supplements would lower the risk of these diseases. I have been a pre-diabetic for several years from time to time, but after using blood sugar support supplement, my numbers came in the normal range! The release supplement is free of gluten and all major allergens.
Folate fortification has eased the birth defect problem, but obstetricians still recommend supplements for pregnant women. Potassium helps counteract the effects of sodium on blood pressure. And consult a doctor if you need help in the bedroom, since it could indicate an underlying health problem. The good news is that magnesium supplements are widely available and affordable. Pycnogenol, which is derived from french maritime bark, may improve circulation and help lower blood pressure. Supplements alone may not be enough to resolve high blood pressure. So supplements do make good sense for most adults. Or a low vitamin d blood level could be a consequence of obesity; the vitamin is soluble in fat, so it can become sequestered inside adipose tissue.
It was reported that people who used lean liver jumpstart for 7 days noticed incredible results, and then those people also tried the next guide which is better blood sugar protocol having 30 days diet plan and the results combined were really impressive; overall health improved, prominent weight loss and increased physical activity. The good fats found in fish oil capsules (As well as in algal oil, supplements made from algae) and fish like salmon, trout, herring, and sardines have long been touted as heart healthy. Effect of chromium supplementation on glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus. News and world report releases their comprehensive rankings of what they consider to be the top diets of the year based on seven factors, which include weight loss, heart health, and ease of compliance. Many different supplements may help lower or control blood sugar in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes who experience hyperglycemia (When blood glucose rises higher than normal). Neither everyday health nor it’s licensor assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of the information provided. It’s second…
The supplement is the cornerstone of the diet and, according to the company, is what makes the program different than others on the market. Fenugreek may help to lower blood sugar, according to preliminary studies, and one study found fenugreek extract to significantly improve some measures of blood sugar control and insulin response in people with type 2 diabetes. There is no definitive cure for diabetes, but with your blood sugar levels under control, you can live a normal and healthy life. Effective blood sugar regulation is therefore a core concern for the maintenance of good health. Thanks to 30 years of studies suggesting it may help control blood sugar, chromium is popular among people with type 2 diabetes. Before serving, stir in some other foods to lower blood pressure such as berries, seeds or cacao nibs for a delicious breakfast. The flaxseed group had 10 mm hg lower systolic blood pressure (Sbp) and 7 mm lower diastolic blood pressure (Dbp) than the control group. Juniper berry: Juniper berries contain chemicals that might stimulate immune response and promote digestive health.
More than half of americans are using supplements or over-the-counter medications. A systematic review of how homeopathy is represented in conventional and cam peer reviewed journals. Oepen was (And still is) one of the most influential german critics of all conceivable varieties of alternative or complementary medicine, with a huge number of publications to her credit. Both have websites that provide information to help consumers make informed choices about dietary supplements. So there is a lot of misinterpreted data out there, some with a partial truth, but none that clearly implicates dietary changes or vitamin supplementation as helpful for treating vitiligo. Our vitamins, supplements and minerals are tested or inspected as many as 15 times, ensuring that our products are pure, potent and consistent. Recent research has also identified antioxidant effects and other properties that could potentially improve liver and kidney health. These are some of the supplements that people most widely use: 1, St. Homeopathic remedies are reportedly very safe for nursing moms and babies because the remedies (By definition of homeopathy) contain only very dilute versions of the active subs…
These are good questions for anybody who wants to live healthier and avoid heart disease and stroke. Get the latest news on health and wellness delivered to your inbox! Vitamin d supplementation reduces insulin resistance in japanese adults: A secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Type 2 diabetes can be managed by making lifestyle changes and following the standard medical treatment. Tight blood sugar management might also help slow the progression of nerve damage. While there is no single food or nutritional supplement which is ideal for all patients, there are a number of potential solutions to address both high and low blood sugar. Can my cat take blood sugar gold with medications? Recent studies have shown that epa and dha may both help diabetics manage blood sugar levels. High blood sugar and diuretic drugs (Which many with diabetes take for high blood pressure) can make your body excrete too much; low levels may affect your ability to use insulin. Magnesium and chromium are two of the most important nutrients that support healthy blood sugar metabolism and clearance from the blood. In addition to their side-effects, current therapies t…
Essential and purportedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with vitamins and other minerals. Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: Report of a world health organization/international diabetes foundation consultation. The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Numerous other studies in healthy adults have demonstrated no effect of this supplement on body composition (Body fat and lean mass), even when combined with exercise. New york attorney general targets supplements at major retailers. Your doctor can also offer advice on losing weight, provide support, monitor your progress or refer you to a dietitian. Victorian state public health nutritionist veronica graham shares three healthy and delicious lunchbox examples for the kids and provides some great food preparation tips to save you time throughout. Insulin is secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas in response to…
The vitamin is essential for the production of red blood cells, and it has an important role in dna production and in repairing defects in the genetic code. Dogs fed an appropriate commercial diet should not require vitamin supplements unless recommended otherwise by a veterinarian. If you want to be sure you need this supplement, ask for a blood test; levels of at least 30 nanograms per milliliter are considered best. So even if you take supplements, be sure to eat well, exercise regularly, and work with your doctor to keep your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar in good control. The results of animal studies suggest that pulses such as lentils could block age-related hypertension and even reverse changes in blood vessels that are a result of high blood pressure. Used for many years to support healthy prostate function in men, the extract from the saw palmetto berry provides multiple health benefits to both men and. A comprehensive supplement containing 74 bio-active vitamins, minerals, nutrients, antioxidants and herbs to help support optimal health, immunity and wellbeing. Beneficial bacteria can do more than just enhance your gut health. Moreover, people with high …
In addition, most supplements have not been tested to find out if they interact with medicines, foods, or other herbs and supplements. The disease occurs when the body is unable to use insulin to adequately control levels of blood glucose, the energy from food that fuels cells and organs. While diet is the key to getting the best vitamins and minerals, supplements can help. With regard to manufacturing, some supplement products may not contain the amount of the herb or substance that is written on the label, and some may include other substances (Contaminants). Bitter melon, the fruit or a supplement, could be a safe and affordable way to lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, but determining this will require more research. So while the golo diet has some solid nutritional backing, the golo supplement may not actually be necessary, and has some downsides. Although fish oil does not appear to adversely affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, one study reported that a large daily dose of krill oil (Providing a modest amount of epa and dha) reduced insulin sensitivity in overweight, middle-aged men by about 27% – which could potentially increase the risk of d…
